Prophecy or History?
Even a few sentences in, we can tell the Book of Revelation is unlike anything else in the Christian Testament. But the truth is, there is really nothing like it in the Hebrew Scriptures either, although there are many references to various prophetic imagery and events from the Hebrew scriptures.
APOCALYPSE
Typically, this sort of document would be called an Apocalypse, which literally means, โuncoveringโ or โrevealing,โ and which references the complete and final destruction of the world, leading to a new world. The uncovering or revealing is the parting of the curtain to show the heavenly or divine perspective of what is happening now and what will come.
But the Book of Revelation is so much more, for it is a letter containing seven more letters. And at regular intervals throughout the whole of this epic document we are given to understand that it is also prophecyโwe must pay it heed.
But how? As spiritual allegory? As predictions of actual future events? As prophecy already fulfilled long ago, yet with truths still relevant for today?
Answering these questions is all part of the adventure as we read these ancient pages together.
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From the blog
Revelation 21: Dawn of a New Era
John saw a place being made ready. At some future time, nations would stream in, and rulers would be laden with sumptuous gifts representing the best of their people, just as ambassadors of old streamedโฆ
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Revelation 21: How Firm a Foundation
There are several clues in Johnโs vision of a voluminous golden city descending through the sky that lead the reader to believe it symbolizes spiritual truths. #Revelation21 #NewJerusalem #TwelveFoundations #PearlyGates
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Revelation 21: God’s Glorious City
For this city was made entirely of the purest gold and shimmered with every hue of gem and pearl. In fact, each of its portals was carved from one voluminous pearl a piece. The sentriesโฆ
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Revelation 21: The New Jerusalem
The purity of this city, the Bride of the Lamb, the brilliancy, the transparency, put the tawdry gaudiness of Babylon to shame. #Revelation21 #NewJerusalem #AlphaandOmega
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Revelation 21: Template of Eternity
Many see Johnโs vision as a literal dissolving away of creation as we now know it and the creation of a new universe that is yet to be. #Revelation21 #AlphaandOmega #NewHeavens #NewEarth
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Revelation 21: Shades of Zoroastrianism
Understanding of heaven and hell came when the Hebrew people languished in exile, then returned to rebuild Judah. During this โintertestamentalโ time, a very interesting thing happened in Babylon. #Revelation21 #Heaven #Hell #Zoroastrianism
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Revelation 21-22: The New Creation
Is John’s vision of a new heaven and a new earth to be taken literally? Or allegorically? or metaphorically? Or as all three? #Revelation21 #Revelation22 #NewHeavensandaNewEarth #NewCreation #Elysium
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The End of the World
John now enters a strange, liminal space where death has coughed up its captives who now stand before an immense and gleaming white throne, while numerous volumes are opened… #Revelation20 #BookfoLife #GreatWhiteThrone #LastJudgment #FinalJudgment
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Revelation 20: An Imperial Triumphal Procession
Satan had been conquered, Satanโs allies vanquished, even the beast and its false prophet had been summarily done away with. Christ was the clear victor, Godโs beloved people finally safe. Why not just throw awayโฆ
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Revelation 20: Satan’s Last Stand
What do Ezekiel and Paul have to add to John’s oracle about Satan and the Lake of Fire? #Revelation20 #LakeofFire #Ezekiel38 2Thessalonians2 #GogandMagog
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Revelation 20: First Resurrection, What Is It?
The whole earth will eventually be under the blessing of Christian rule, all the nations of the world will enjoy the benefits of living by Christโs commands, ethos, values, and morality. #TheMillennium #FirstResurrection #Postmillennial
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Revelation 20: A Thousand Years, Literal or Metaphorical?
A hotly contested verb, and at testament to how hard it is to figure out how to translate it. It means โto live,โ or “to โbe alive.โ But in this context, it possibly has aโฆ
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Revelation 20: The Abyss, The Seal, and the Devil
Now that we have reached the Millennium, possibly one of the most famous passages in the whole of the New Testament after the Gospels, the categories change to Pre-, A-, and Postmillennial interpretations. #Revelation20 #TheMillennium
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Revelation: Preparation for the Millennium
Apocalyptic literature becomes especially meaningful for those who are suffering. When the going gets rough, it helps to see the light at the end of the tunnel, to know the last page of this storyโฆ
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Revelation: Four Views of the King of Kings
Once again, this is a long passage. To refresh your memory, please click Revelation 19:11-21 to reread the passage. After the destruction of Babylon, John was given a vision of the King of kings astrideโฆ
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Revelation 19: Sword of the Lord
Then I saw the sky having been opened up and behold! A white horse, the One sitting upon it being called faithful and true, and in righteousness he judges and does battle, and his eyesโฆ
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Revelation 19: Wedding Banquet of the Lamb
Great rejoicing has broken out in heaven, in response to the heavenly voiceโs command to be glad over Godโs judgment. As John witnessed the throngs of heaven give praise, the same angel who had beenโฆ
Keep readingRevelation 19: Enslaved to God
Imagine the cascade of emotions John must have been experiencing in this gripping vision of judgment, destruction, grief, shock, and the heavenly command to rejoice. Immediately, the inhabitants of heaven responded with shouts of acclamation.โฆ
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Revelation 18: Four Views
Because the passage is so long, please click on Revelation 18:9-24 if you would like to refresh your memory before reading how scholars have interpreted the description of Babylonโs demise. John had witnessed the shockingโฆ
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Revelation 18: Woe, Woe to Babylon
The Corruption of Babylon In Revelation 17, one of the angels who had poured out one of the ceremonial bowls of the passion of Godโs cleansing wrath came over to John to reveal how Babylonโฆ
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Revelation 18: Come Out, My People
Then I heard another voice out of the sky saying, โCome out, my people, out of her, in order that you all will not have fellowship in and partake of her sins, in order thatโฆ
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Revelation 18: Fallen, Fallen is Babylon
After these things, I saw another angel coming down out of the sky, having immense authority, and the earth was illuminated by his glory. Then, he cried out in a forceful voice, saying, โFallen, Fallen,โฆ
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Revelation 17: The Ten Horns
There would be a great battle between the Creature and the Creator, the Beast and the Lamb.
And the Lamb would have the victory. #Revelation17 #TenHorns #Armegeddon
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Revelation 17: Seven Heads and Ten Horns
Then the angel said to me, โBecause of what do you marvel? I myself will tell you the mystery of the woman and of the dangerous creature carrying her, the one having the seven headsโฆ
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Revelation 17: Futurist and Spiritual Views of the Harlot
Then one of the seven angels pouring out the seven ceremonial bowls came out and was talking with me, saying, โHere, I will reveal to you the judgment of the great idolator/prostitute sitting upon theโฆ
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Revelation 17: Historicist and Preterist View of the Harlot of Babylon
Then one of the seven angels pouring out the seven ceremonial bowls came out and was talking with me, saying, โHere, I will reveal to you the judgment of the great idolator/prostitute sitting upon theโฆ
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Revelation 17: A Mystery, Babylon the Great
Then one of the seven angels pouring out the seven ceremonial bowls came out and was talking with me, saying, โHere, I will reveal to you the judgment of the great idolator/prostitute sitting upon theโฆ
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Revelation 17-18: Babylon the Great
Summary of the Cycles of Seven Three cycles of sevens have transpired. Scholars, as they review the whole arc of this series, see different metanarratives. Historicist Scholars with this perspective see the history of theโฆ
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Revelation 16: The Seventh Bowl, A Preterist Take, and a Spiritual Take
Then, the seventh poured out his ceremonial bowl upon the atmosphere, and a might voice came out of the innermost part of the temple, from the throne saying, โIt has come to be!โ Then aโฆ
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Revelation 16: The Seventh Bowl, a Historicist or Futurist View
Then, the seventh poured out his ceremonial bowl upon the atmosphere, and a mighty voice came out of the innermost part of the temple, from the throne, saying, โIt has come to be!โ Then aโฆ
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Revelation 16: The Fifth Bowl, Darkness
Then the fifth poured out his ceremonial bowl upon the throne of the dangerous creature, and the kingdom of it became darkened, and they were chewing their tongues out of pain. Then they blasphemed theโฆ
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Revelation 16: The Fourth Bowl, a Scorching Heat
Then the fourth poured out his ceremonial bowl upon the sun: and it was given to it to scorch the people with fire. And the people were scorched with immense heat, and they blasphemed theโฆ
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Revelation 16: The Third Bowl – Blood
Then the third poured out his ceremonial bowl into the rivers and the springs of the waters, and it became blood. Then I heard the angel of the waters saying, โYou are righteous, One whoโฆ
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Revelation 16: The Second Bowl
Then, the second poured out his broad and shallow ceremonial cup into the sea and it became blood like that which is dead, and every breath of life died, the things in the sea. Revelationโฆ
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Revelation 16: The First Bowl, Hideous Sores
“… there came a hideous and painful festering wound upon the people who have the permanent imprint of the dangerous creature and who throw themselves prostrate in homage of its image.”
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Revelation 15: Holy Smoke
As John watched, smoke filled the heavenly Holy of Holies, preventing anyone from entering in. For John, this would have brought to mind Godโs instruction to Moses that God later portrayed in all reality. #Revelation15โฆ
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Revelation 15: The Sea of Glass Flickering Red
After John took in the angels, he saw the glassy sea spread out beneath or before them, and a scene of worship and adulation. #Revelation15 #BowlsofGodsWrath #GlassySea
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Revelation 15: Reprise of the Glassy Sea
It seems John was gazing up into the sky, or perhaps he was in a transported state in heaven. Either way, what came before him now took his breath away.
#GlassySea #Revelation15 #SongofMoses #SongoftheLamb
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Revelation 14: Future Fulfilment
Futurist theologians look ahead, staying alert to the signs of impending divine rescue in the Rapture and divine judgement in the Great Tribulation. For futurist scholars, Revelation 14 remains a pivotal event yet to occur.ย
โฆ
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Revelation 14: Historical Fulfilment
Revelation 14:14-20 speaks of harvesting earth and trampling the grapes of that harvest in the winepress of Godโs wrath. But it is not juice that runs deep and red, it is an immense river ofโฆ
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Revelation 14: The Winepress of God’s Wrath
Whatever this passage may mean in concrete terms, for its intended audience it was as if the Lord were saying, โI hear your cries, and I see your pain. I have not forgotten you.” #Revelation14โฆ
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Revelation 14: Blessed Are the Dead
Whether from the point of the cross, or from the point of each believerโs death, the blessing is the sameโbelievers will be in the Lord, receiving rest and refreshment from their earthly ordeal, and rewardedโฆ
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Revelation 14: Fire and Brimstone
Expositors agree this is one of the strongest supporting passages for the doctrine of hell. But is it a literal description? #Revelation14 #Hell #CupofGodsWrath #FireandBrimstone
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Revelation 14: Fallen, Fallen is Babylon
Technically I should have translated โitโ as โshe,โ but I did not. Because even more technically, in English, a city is not a female. It is a very large cluster of buildings organized as anโฆ
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Revelation 14: Eternal Gospel
Whatever this โeternal good newsโ might be, scholars from every perspective agree that it is an authentic Gospel, and not the anathema Paul warned of. #Revelation14 #EverlastingGospel #EternalGoodNews
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Revelation 14: Reprise of the 144,000
All perspectives recognize the unique position of Chapter 14 acting as a bridge between what has so far transpired and what is about to come. John described the Lamb of God standing upon Mount Zion,โฆ
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Revelation 14: The Final Cycle
Revelation 14 introduces the third and final cycle of sevens, which is also the fourth in a set of sevens. #Revelation14 #144thousand
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Revelation 13: The Mark of the Beast, Four Views
The Mark of the Beast is an iconic image from Johnโs Apocalypse, a number, or a name, etched into the hand and/or the forehead of every person living in the time of the dragon andโฆ
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Revelation 13: Mark of the Beast
I spent some time just sitting with this, because it is such a famous couple of lines. The Mark of the Beast! Does it not conjure up story after story of those who have triedโฆ
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Revelation 13: The Second Beast, Four Views
The second beast conscripted people to create an image of the first beast, then imbued this image with a spirit that could speak. The second beast insisted โ using threat of execution โ that allโฆ
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Revelation 13: The Second Beast
If the first beast is strange and frightening, the second is downright shiver-worthy. It comes as a promoter of the first beast, which is now weirdly passive, but it has far more power than theโฆ
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Revelation 13: Four Views of the Beast
Who is this beast, exactly? What is the beast’s war against the saints? Why is the length of time so specific? How are Christians supposed to respond?
Four different views shed at least some light.โฆ
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Revelation 13: The Beast’s Blasphemies
The original first century audience for John’s Apocalypse was in the middle of some of the worst persecution Christians have endured. So this scene cut close to the bone for them. And there was alsoโฆ
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Revelation 13: The Beast!
All four perspectives note a conscious connection between Danielโs and Johnโs visions. #Revelation13 #TheBeast #Daniel7
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Revelation 12: The Dragon Wages War
It is the final scene in the dragonโs three-act narrative, and as you might expect, there are a variety of ways to understand Johnโs vision. #Revelation12 #FieryDragon #WingsofanEagle
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Revelation 12: Cliffhanger
The narrative from beginning to end certainly reads as a mystical vision. #Revelation12 #TheDragon #TheWomaninTravail
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Revelation 12: Saints versus Satan
A massive heavenly conflict, the ultimate in cataclysms.
Is this oracle a glimpse into the prehistoric dawn of creation, long before humanity entered the stage? Or is it a harbinger of the terrifying timeโฆ
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Revelation: Heaven-Wide War
A heavenly war, a huge victory, a retreating enemy, scorching the earth in his fury โฆ
It is an epic vision!
But where does it fit in the Apocalypse? #Revelation12 #SatanCastOut #ArchangelMichael
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Revelation 12: The Woman, The Son, The Dragon
It is a pivotal story placed at the center of Johnโs Apocalypse, but who are the characters, and what does it mean? #Revelation12 #TheDragon #WomanInLabor #RodofIron
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Revelation 12: A Son Is Born
It is such a familiar passage, but reading it in Greek made me notice a couple of things I might have otherwise missed. #Revelation12 #fierydrago #WomaninLabor #ASonIsBorn
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Revelation 11: The Seventh Trumpet
It seems fitting that giving God glory on earth would result in the seventh trumpet sounding resounding praise in heaven.
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Revelation 11: Two Witnesses Vindicated by God
To the watching world, it seemed as though God had abandoned these two prophets to their foes. At last, or so they must have thought, Godโs opponent had gotten the upper hand. What glee! Whatโฆ
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Revelation 11: Prophets Raised from the Dead
As I read these words in Greek (slowly) I could feel this starburst of fascination and horror spreading throughout my chest, with pinpricks all over my head and arms as my hairs stood on end.โฆ
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Revelation 11: The Beast (Other Views)
If the Beast is not taken to be an actual, literal dangerous wild animal, then what does it represent? And why is there such jubilation when it is able to slay the witnesses? #TheBeast #Revelation11โฆ
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Revelation 11: The Two Witnesses (Futurist and Spiritual Views)
Some are certain Johnโs Revelation is about the end of human history. Others take a broader view that Johnโs Revelation has to do primarily with spiritual things believers of every era and culture will benefitโฆ
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Revelation 11: The Two Witnesses (Historical and Preterist Views)
The Two Witnesses are something of a conundrum for expositors looking to history for fulfillment.
Were they actual people (some think so), or representative of groups of people? Maybe they’re allegories for truth? #TwoWitnessesโฆ
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Revelation 11: Measuring the Temple
John’s visions dovetail in several places with Ezekiel’s vision, and especially here, the correlations are strong.
So what was measuring the temple to signify? As you probably have guessed, answers may vary (!) #Revelation11โฆ
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Revelation 11-13: 1,260 Days
Revelation 11-13 speaks repeatedly of a timeframe that seems to last about 3.5 years (the length of Jesus’s ministry, interestingly enough). But there is not consensus about what it all means. #Revelation11 #TheBeast #TheGreatTribulation
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Revelation: Interlude Before the Seventh Trumpet
Just as John’s first oracle had an intermission, so now this second one hits pause as well. But this pause is a lot longer, leading some interpreters to suggest it is its own oracle.
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Revelation 10: Eat It Up
What is the little opened book John was told to eat? How could it taste so good, yet make him sick to his stomach? What John eats he must now prophecy, concerning the whole world,โฆ
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Revelation 10: The Mystery of God Come to Completion
the prophets of old. When the seventh trumpet is sounded, the whole thing will have been revealed.
What a way to rivet our attention!
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Revelation 10: The Little Scroll
As soon as I read John was not to reveal what the seven thunders had spoken, that became the one thing I wanted to know most. What did they say? Why tantalize with this astonishingโฆ
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Revelation 9: Conclusion with Four Views
There is a lot to think about in Johnโs last words of this chapter. He delivered a sad eulogy concerning the people who survived the six trumpets. As you are no doubt anticipating, commentators haveโฆ
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Revelation 9: Homicide, Drugs, Porn, and Robbery
In a sense, God converted the hidden decay and erosion to humankindโs souls by these things, into physical pain and horror. It is the last-recourse effort to shake awake an otherwise dying world.
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Revelation 9: Dread Cavalry
Horses with vipers for tails and mouths belching fire, brimstone, and smoke teem across the Euphrates in myriads. What are we to make of this terrifying picture?
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Revelation 9: The Sixth Trumpet
It is not clear whether the sixth angel sounded the trumpet before the five months of torment and testing had ended, or whether the swarm of supernatural scorpionesque locusts had completed its mission.
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Revelation 9: Strange Locusts
Are these actual monsters that will rise up out of some sepulchral chasm cleaving the mantle of earth? Or is their appearance allegory rich with symbolical meaning?
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Revelation 9: The Fifth Trumpet, an Historical View
The fifth trumpet seems either definitely metaphysical or highly allegorical, so how do expositors who take the historical or more specifically preterist views read these verses?
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Revelation 9: Purpose of the Inquisition
Perhaps for Johnโs audience, such a prospect generated a redoubled commitment to deal with temptation and sin right away. Better to respond to the first prick of conscience before it becomes complicated.
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Revelation 9: The Fifth Trumpet
Is this a metaphorical examination of some kind, that brings on spiritual torment (painful conviction of personal sin?), which displays for all to see who is at peace with God and who is still Godโsโฆ
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Revelation 8: The Lone Eagle
as so often happens with misfortune, when things feel like they could not possibly get worse โฆ they do
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Revelation 8: The Fourth Trumpet
It is a strange vision, when read all in one breath. I imagine John watchingโpeering, really, into the gloomโas something inflicted the sun with a power that could diminish it by a full third ofโฆ
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Revelation 8: The Third Trumpet
Is this blazing star a political figure? A religious leader? Literally a poisonous star fallen from heaven?
Each few sheds fascinating insight on John’s vision.
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Revelation 8: The Second Trumpet
How interpreters have imagined this scene is in large part influenced by their point of view. Taken simply as a scene, it is horrific. Is it metaphorical? Is it commentary on a situation? Is itโฆ
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Revelation 8: First Trumpet – Hail, Fire, and Blood
Though each perspective sees the fulfillment of these trumpets occurring in very different timeframes, there are certain overarching themes on which all four views agree.
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Revelation 8: The Power of Prayer
The tremendous power in the prayers of the holy ones was also revealed to John. You and I think of that power as reaching up to God and the Lord responding in divine might. Butโฆ
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Revelation 8: The Altar of Incense
There is something of a dream quality to Johnโs narration, as though he were himself enrapt in the incense.
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Revelation: The Second Set of Sevens
The four basic scholarly frames of reference will layer well with historical insight and scriptural overlay while leaving room for the possibility that Johnโs prophetic oracles have yet to be (completely) fulfilled.
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Revelation 8: The Seventh Seal
It is one of the more mysterious and intriguing verses in Johnโs account.
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Revelation 7: Meaning of the Multitude
After so many disturbing images from the breaking of the seals, John was now swept up in a rapturous time of praise and thanksgiving, as the mighty multitude, the elders, all the angels, and theโฆ
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Revelation 7: The Mighty Multitude
It is the final act of the sixth scroll, just as the sixth day of Creation had a final, climactic act of bringing forth humankind and blessing all that lived across the face of theโฆ
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Revelation 7: The 144,000
The specificity of the number 144,000 intrigues our modern minds, and features fundamentally for at least one modern day group, the Jehovahโs Witnesses. Is this number literal or symbolic? Why go through each tribe? Whatโฆ
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Revelation 7: God’s Seal of Protection
The next round of misfortune was to be released only after Godโs seal of protection was applied to all of Godโs own.
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Revelation 6: Familiar Imagery, Fresh Meaning
Now, two thousand years later, scholars have much to say on the meaning of this sixth seal.
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Revelation 6: The Sixth Seal
So far, everything John saw concerned a single planet. The four horsemen traversed the globe, and the martyrs called out for Godโs judgment of those living on earth.
But now the entire cosmos seems toโฆ
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Revelation 6: The Fifth Seal
The martyrs were invited to refresh themselves during this intermission between their deaths and the coming of the end of time, when all will be judged and justice will be brought forth.
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Revelation 6: The Fourth Seal
Before Johnโs surely horrified eyes, a ghastly figure appeared as the fourth living creature called forth the specter of Death. The horse was pallid with the sickly hue of plague, and the ominous dark shadowsโฆ
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Revelation 6: The Third Seal
What John saw he beheld with dread. The world of antiquity was no stranger to famine.
In fact, not long after the Gospel had broken through the barrier of race and religion, the subject ofโฆ
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Revelation 6: The Second Seal
Reading about the second seal gives more context to the first seal, the first horse, and the first rider. If they are part of a set, then how does the first rider fit in?
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About Me
My passion for the Bible began when I was eight or nine years old, somewhere in there, when on occasion my dad would take me to synagogue, where he sang. I remember watching the men in synagogue pray the words of scripture, murmuring and weeping, lovingly touching and kissing the Torah, and I wished I could read what they were reading.
Imagine, then, my wonder when I was given a Bible of my own! Read more
Let’s hang out
[Image above: Matthias Gerung, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons]
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